Issues

- Ethical Issues  - Should some research be avoided because of the potential social consequences?
   • Deception, privacy, protection from harm, confidentiality, right to withdraw.
   • BPA guidelines.

- Cultural Bias - Can results be generalised to other cultures?
   • Ethnocentrism
   • Eurocentrism 
   • Cultural Relativism
   • Etic analysis - Behaviour is universal and cultural differences can be ignored.
   • Emic analysis - Behaviour is culturally specific.

- Gender Bias - Should gender differences be ignored?
   • Alpha bias - Assumes real differences between males and females.
   • Beta bias - Assumes there are no differences between men and women, or that any differences are                            trivial.

- Imposed Etics - One way of overcoming the problem of restricted sampling is to encourage research which uses participants from other cultures.
- Derived Etics - A series of emic studies takes place in a local setting conducted by local researchers using local techniques.